A pandemia de Covid-19 e seus entrelaçamentos com desigualdade de gênero, insegurança alimentar e apoio social na América Latina / The Covid-19 pandemic and its linkages with gender inequality, food insecurity and social support in Latin America / La pandemia de Covid-19 y sus entrelazamientos con la desigualdad de género, la inseguridad alimentaria y el apoyo social en América Latina

Enquanto crises econômicas desencadeiam o aumento da insegurança alimentar (IA) e da desigualdade de gênero (DG), o apoio social tem mostrado aliviar esses impactos. No entanto, diferentemente de outros choques econômicos, a pandemia de Covid-19 incluiu no cenário de crise o isolamento social. Este estudo utilizou dados de pesquisa transversal coletados em 18 países da América Latina (AL) para avaliar as mudanças nas percepções de DG e sua associação com a IA e o apoio social durante período de crise econômica na região. Os resultados mostraram aumentos graduais nas percepções de DG na AL e que os entrevistados com IA e baixo apoio social eram os mais propensos a perceber a DG. Mulheres são mais vulneráveis à IA e à violência doméstica, e o isolamento social pode ser um agravante. Políticas públicas devem garantir que mulheres tenham maior controle sobre a renda e bens produtivos. (AU)

Social support has been shown to mitigate increased food insecurity (FI) and gender inequality (GI) triggered by economic crises. However, unlike other shocks to the economy, the crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic included social isolation. This study used data from a cross-sectional study collected in 18 countries in Latin America to evaluate changes in perceptions of GI and its association with FI and social support in the region during the economic crisis. The findings show a gradual increase in perceptions of GI in FI and that interviewees suffering from FI and low levels of social support were more likely to perceive GI. Women are more vulnerable to FI and domestic violence, and social isolation may be an aggravating factor. Public policy should ensure that women have greater control over income and productive assets. (AU)

Mientras que las crisis económicas desencadenan el aumento de la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y la desigualdad de género (DG), el apoyo social muestra un alivio de esos impactos. Sin embargo, diferentemente de otros impactos económicos, la pandemia de Covid-19 incluyó en el escenario de crisis el aislamiento social. Este estudio utilizó datos de investigación transversal colectados en 18 países de AL, para evaluar los cambios en las percepciones de la DG y su asociación con la IA y el apoyo social durante el período de crisis económica en la región. Los resultados mostraron aumentos graduales en las percepciones de la DG en AL y que los entrevistados con IA y bajo apoyo social eran los más propensos a percibir la DG. Las mujeres son más vulnerables a la IA y a la violencia doméstica y el aislamiento social puede ser un agravante. Las políticas públicas deben asegurar que las mujeres tengan mayor control sobre los ingresos y los bienes productivos. (AU)

Food security status in times of financial and political crisis in Brazil.

This study sought to describe the changes in the food security status in Brazil before and during its most recent financial and political crisis, as well as to explore associations between food security and socioeconomic factors during the crisis. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from two different sources: the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey for 2004 (n = 112,479), 2009 (n = 120,910), and 2013 (n = 116,192); and the Gallup World Poll for 2015 (n = 1,004), 2016 (n = 1,002), and 2017 (n = 1,001). Household food security status was measured by a shorter version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, consisting of the first 8 questions of the original 14-item scale. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the changes in food security and their association with socioeconomic factors. Results suggest that during the crisis the percentage of households classified as food secure declined by one third (76% in 2013 to 49% in 2017) while severe food insecurity tripled (4% in 2013 to 12% in 2017). Whereas before the crisis (2013) 44% of the poorest households were food secure, by 2017 this decreased to 26%. Household income per capita was strongly associated with food security, increasing by six times the chances of being food insecure among the poorest strata. Those who reported a low job climate, social support or level of education were twice as likely to be food insecure. Despite significant improvements between 2004 and 2013, findings indicate that during the crisis Brazil suffered from a great deterioration of food security, highlighting the need for emergency policies to protect and guarantee access to food for the most vulnerable.

Food security status in times of financial and political crisis in Brazil / A segurança alimentar em tempos de crise financeira e política no Brasil / Estado de la seguridad alimentaria en la era de la crisis política y financiera brasileña

This study sought to describe the changes in the food security status in Brazil before and during its most recent financial and political crisis, as well as to explore associations between food security and socioeconomic factors during the crisis. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from two different sources: the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey for 2004 (n = 112,479), 2009 (n = 120,910), and 2013 (n = 116,192); and the Gallup World Poll for 2015 (n = 1,004), 2016 (n = 1,002), and 2017 (n = 1,001). Household food security status was measured by a shorter version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, consisting of the first 8 questions of the original 14-item scale. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the changes in food security and their association with socioeconomic factors. Results suggest that during the crisis the percentage of households classified as food secure declined by one third (76% in 2013 to 49% in 2017) while severe food insecurity tripled (4% in 2013 to 12% in 2017). Whereas before the crisis (2013) 44% of the poorest households were food secure, by 2017 this decreased to 26%. Household income per capita was strongly associated with food security, increasing by six times the chances of being food insecure among the poorest strata. Those who reported a low job climate, social support or level of education were twice as likely to be food insecure. Despite significant improvements between 2004 and 2013, findings indicate that during the crisis Brazil suffered from a great deterioration of food security, highlighting the need for emergency policies to protect and guarantee access to food for the most vulnerable.

O estudo teve como objetivos descrever as mudanças na segurança alimentar no Brasil antes e durante a mais recente crise financeira e política do país, além de explorar as associações entre segurança alimentar e fatores socioeconômicos durante a crise. Este estudo transversal analisou os dados de duas fontes diferentes: a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2004 (n = 112.479), 2009 (n = 120.910) e 2013 (n = 116.192) e a Pesquisa Mundial Gallup de 2015 (n = 1.004), 2016 (n = 1.002) e 2017 (n = 1.001). O nível de segurança alimentar domiciliar foi medido utilizando uma versão reduzida da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA), com as primeiras oito perguntas da escala original de 14 itens. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e de regressão logística para avaliar as mudanças na segurança alimentar e a associação com fatores socioeconômicos. Os resultados sugerem que durante a crise, o percentual de domicílios com segurança alimentar diminuiu em um terço (de 76% em 2013 para 49% em 2017), enquanto a insegurança alimentar grave triplicou (de 4% em 2013 para 12% em 2017). Antes da crise (2013), 44% dos domicílios apresentavam segurança alimentar, mas até 2017 essa proporção havia diminuído para 26%. A renda per capita domiciliar mostrou forte associação com a segurança alimentar, aumentando em seis vezes a probabilidade de insegurança alimentar entre os mais pobres. Aqueles que relatavam piores níveis de emprego, apoio social e escolaridade tiveram duas vezes mais probabilidade de sofrer de insegurança alimentar. Apesar de melhoras significativas entre 2004 e 2013, os achados indicam que durante a crise, o Brasil sofreu uma piora grave na segurança alimentar, reforçando a necessidade de políticas emergenciais para proteger e garantir o acesso à alimentação para os mais vulneráveis.

El objetivo de este estudio es describir los cambios en el estado de la seguridad alimentaria en Brasil antes y durante su más reciente crisis política y financiera, así como también analizar las asociaciones entre seguridad alimentaria y factores socioeconómicos durante la crisis. Este estudio transversal analizó datos de dos fuentes diferentes: la Encuesta Brasileña por Muestra de Domicilios en 2004 (n = 112.479), 2009 (n = 120.910) y 2013 (n = 116.192); y la Encuesta Mundial Gallup en 2015 (n = 1.004), 2016 (n = 1.002) y 2017 (n = 1.001). El estado de la seguridad alimentaria por hogar se midió mediante una versión acortada de la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria, que consiste en las 8 primeras preguntas de la escala original con 14-ítems. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y por regresión logística para evaluar los cambios en la seguridad alimentaria y su asociación con factores socioeconómicos. Los resultados sugieren que durante la crisis el porcentaje de hogares clasificados como seguros respecto a la alimentación disminuyó en un tercio (del 76% en 2013 al 49% en 2017) mientras que la inseguridad alimentaria severa se triplicó (de un 4% en 2013 al 12% en 2017). Asimismo, antes de la crisis (2013) un 44% de los hogares más pobres contaban con seguridad alimentaria, pero en 2017 este número disminuyó al 26%. Los ingresos per cápita por hogar estuvieron fuertemente asociados con la seguridad alimentaria, incrementando seis veces más las posibilidades de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria entre los estratos más pobres. Aquellos que informaron de una baja estabilidad laboral, apoyo social o nivel educacional fueron dos veces más propensos de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria. A pesar de las mejoras significativas entre 2004 y 2013, los resultados indican que Brasil durante la crisis sufrió un gran deterioro de la seguridad alimentaria, resaltando la necesidad de políticas de emergencia para proteger y garantizar el acceso a la comida de los más vulnerables.

Physicochemical and nutricional characteristics of handmade enteral diets / Características físico-químicas y nutricionales de las dietas enterales caseras

Introduction: There is an increasing use of enteral therapy at home, which reduces costs and improves patients’ quality of life. Homemade food diets are being commonly used in the households of undeveloped countries, but those diets vary in composition and characteristics depending on the ingredients and preparation procedures adopted in its preparation, which influences the quality ofthe diet to satisfy the nutritional needs of patients. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and determine the quality of homemade enteral diets. Methods: An enteral diet plan was prepared by using conventional food, consisting of 6 meals, totalizing 2 liters per day, and it was adopted a proportion of 25% of solid food. The diets were analyzed for stability, viscosity, flow, pH, chemical and nutritional composition. Results and discussion: The enteral diet plan was adequate in its physical-chemical aspects, however, it presented low percentages of adequacy, 20-53%, between the estimated and real content of macronutrients in the soup, formula used for lunch and dinner, which impaired the nutritional quality of the enteral diet plan. Conclusions: The results showed the difficulty of establishing the nutritional content of these diets, especially when made of meat and vegetables. Therefore, it is suggested a mixed enteral therapy by using commercial diets to achieve part of the nutritional needs of the patient together with enteral diets of homemade food tosupplement it and also to redeem the psychosocial values of the feeding process (AU)

Introducción: Existe un creciente uso de la terapia enteral domiciliaria, lo que reduce los costes y mejora la calidad de vida para los pacientes. Las dietas elaboradas con alimentos caseros están siendo usadas comúnmente en los domicilios de los países subdesarrollados, pero estos varían en composición y características dependiendo de los ingredientes y procedimientos adoptados en su preparación, lo que influye la calidad de estas dietas para satisfacer las necesidades nutricionales de los pacientes. Objetivo: Desarrollar y determinar la calidad de las dietas enterales caseras. Métodos: Se elaboró un plan de dieta enteral casera, con alimentos naturales, consistente en 6 comidas, con un total de 2 litros por día, utilizando una proporción de25% de sólidos. Las dietas se analizaron para determinarla estabilidad de su composición, viscosidad, flujo, pH, composición química y nutricional. Resultados y discusión: Las dietas eran adecuadas en sus aspectos físico-químicos, sin embargo, presentaron bajos porcentajes de adecuación, 20 a 53%, entre el contenido estimado y real de macronutrientes en la sopa, fórmula usada en el almuerzo y la cena, que afectó a la calidad nutricional del plan de dieta enteral. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran las dificultades de establecer el contenido nutricional de estas dietas, sobre todo cuando son a base de carne y verduras. Por lo tanto, se sugiere una mezcla de terapia enteral caserae industrial, mediante el uso de dietas comerciales paralograr parte de las necesidades nutricionales del paciente, junto con dietas caseras para complementar y compensar también los valores psicosociales del proceso de alimentación (AU)